第一节词汇选择题的命题特点
工程硕士研究生入学考试规定,词汇及用法的专项考题为10个,每个2分,共20分。命题形式为单项选择,题干下有A, B, C, D 四个备选项,要求考生根据题干选出一个最正确的答案。
当今的语言能力测试,吸取了较以往相比更为科学的测试的优点,强调对语言实际应用的评估。其中多项选择和完形填空就是针对命题的科学性而设计的。多项选择题是由题干、正确答案和干扰项三部分组成。为了使干扰项充分吸引学生的注意力,选择常从容易混淆的语言现象、两种语言的对比分析以及由于文化不同而引起的语言表达方式的区别入手。如单词辨析、同义词辨形,近形词辨析。同一动词+不同介词或副词意义的辨析以及语法结构和逻辑题。在此我们提醒大家,虽然设计的干扰项常与正确的答案保持同等难度,但我们仍然可以利用推理或猜测能力去解题。
词汇选择题首先是考查学生对词汇表所规定词汇中词组的运用以及对某些实义词的辨认和辨析能力。按照考试大纲规定,考生应掌握4000个单词及由这些词构成的常用词组,并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力。考生必须准确地认识和理解各类词汇与短语的基本含义及用法。因此要想顺利地通过考试,考生必须加强词汇的学习。
第二节词汇考试的设计特点
根据对历年来真题的分析,考试的重点一般在动词、名词、形容词、副词以及由这些词所构成的词组及短语上。考试的难点一般是形近词,同义词或近义词辨析和常用词组等。例如:
(一)检测形近词的辨析及运用能力
形近词指的是那些形式上接近或拼写相似的词。它包括拼写和读音相似的词、谐音词、同根词及同缀词等。这在考试中也是非常常见,不能等闲视之。如:
(1). In the theatre that actors are very ___________ to the reaction of the audience.
A. sensibleB. sensitiveC. emotionalD. positive
【答案】B。
【解析】本题C、D选择项很容易排除掉,而前两个选项拼写相近,很容易造成混淆。但根据词义项可知,sensible为“明智的、有判断力的”之意,sensitive为“敏感的, 灵敏的”之意。根据此处上下文,正确答案为B:演员对观众的反应很敏感。
(2). The boy has been warned time and again that reading in the strong sunlight will
_________ his eyesight, but he just won´t listen.
A. effectB. attractC. effortD. affect
【答案】D。
【解析】在本题中,其中三个选项拼写或发音相似,仔细分析其义,我们得知:A 项的意思是“有效”,C 是名词“努力”之意,只有D项是动词,表示“影响”,而B表示的是“吸引”,由此得知,惟有D. affect是正确答案。
(3). The ship set sail after all the crew came on __________.
A. aboardB. abroadC. boardD. broad
【答案】A。
【解析】本题中的四个选项的拼写及发音都极为相似、相近,其中A,C项,B和D都是一个字母之差,根据句子意思不难做出正确的选择:惟有A项有“上(车、船)”的意思,其他选项B. abroad、C. board、D. broad分别为“到国外;在国外”、“木板”、“宽阔地”之意,因此均不符合题意。
(4). The driver ___________ abruptly as he saw an old man crossing the road.
A. brokeB. brookedC. brakedD. bred
【答案】C。
【解析】题干后列出的四个备选项中,A的意思为“违反,破坏”;B为“容忍”;C意为“刹车”;D为“抚育、饲养”。根据题意,因此正确的选项为C。
(5). On hearing the news that our volleyball team won the championship, he ______ from the chair and cheered in joy.
A. stoodB. liftedC. raisedD. rose
【答案】D。
【解析】本题中惟有C项和D项形近,但C项为及物动词而D项为不及物动词,故D项为正确答案。
(二)检测对同义词或近义词的辩义及运用能力
同形近词一样,同义词或近义词的辩义及运用在工程硕士研究生入学考试中很常见,其特点是选择项中给出两个或两个以上的同义词或近义词,其目的是考察学生在具体的语言环境中运用词汇的能力,所以它也属于一种能力的测试。
(1). Mary was so weakened by the disease that she could __________ stand up.
A. almostB. barelyC. nearlyD. scantily
【答案】B。
【解析】根据题干意思“玛丽由于生病身体很弱,几乎都站不起来”,可以得知B为正确答案。选项A和C表示肯定意思,选项D,是“吝啬地,缺乏地”的意思,与题意不合。
(2). All understood what the teacher meant ________ Mr. Lee.
A. besidesB. exceptC. besideD. except that
【答案】B。
【解析】在这道题中,选项A,B和D意思比较接近,都为“除… 外”,但惟有B表示“除… 外(不包括)”之意,而D是连词,与题干不合。
(3). Poor as she is, it is beneath her to _______.
A. stealB. robC. performD. execute
【答案】A。
【解析】该题的意思为“尽管她穷,但她也不屑于去偷盗”。因此A为正确答案。其他选项B为及物动词“抢夺;掠夺”,C和D意为“操作,执行”,所以均不合题意。
(4). The teacher said that the pupils must be _______ during the study-hour.
A. calm B. stillC. quietD. soundless
【答案】C。
【解析】本题的四个词的含义基本相同,都有表示“沉默、肃静、默不做声”之义。但A表示“镇静”,B表示“静止的, 静寂的”,选项D表示“无声的”的含义,故只有选项C为正确答案。
(5). There are some _________ flowers on the meeting room.
A. unnaturalB. unrealC. falseD. artificial
【答案】D。
【解析】本题四个选项中的形容词意义相近,但只有D“人造的;人工的”可与flowers搭配,表示“假花”之意。其它几个A. unnatural,B. unreal,C. false分别为“异常的;不合自然规律的”、“不实在的;虚幻的”、“错误的, 虚伪的”之意,因此不是正确答案。
(三)检测考生对由各种词类构成的词组及短语的认知与运用的能力
英语中词组及短语的构成是一种极为复杂的语言现象,如动词+副词,动词+介词,动词+名词+介词;名词+介词,形容词+介词,介词+名词+介词等等。考生在平时的学习中应注意积累,因为这些词组我们一般无法从字面意义上来猜测它们,这样就增加了试题的难度,只有熟悉它们才能在考试中应付裕如。请看下列例题:
(1). The _________ with the project in spite of the difficulties in the course.
A. carried offB. carried outC. carried onD. carried forward
【答案】C。
【解析】本题中A项为“获得, 成功对付”之意,B为“贯彻,实施”,D意为“发扬”,惟有C项能与介词with连用,表示“继续进行”,故选项C为正确选项。
(2). Of course, the children look unhealthy. Their mother can´t afford to _________ them ________ decent meals, not to speak meat and fish regularly.
A. fed ... onB. feed ... on
C. grew ... onD. grow ... on
【答案】B。
【解析】该题中B项意为“靠… 为食,喂养”,是一个固定词组的搭配形式。
(3). During the past few years the prices have __________ by nearly 10%.
A. gone upB. grew upC. got upD. put up
【答案】A。
【解析】本题中所给的四个选项的含义分别为:A“上升”,B为“成长”,C为“起床,起来”,D为“搭建”,根据题干意思“在过去的几年里,物价上涨了10%”,故选项A为正确答案。
(4). Yesterday night we had several guests visit us, we had to __________ until 3.
A. put upB. set upC. sat upD. stayed up
【答案】D。
【解析】题干后四个短语的含义分别为:A “搭建,建造”,B 为“竖立, 架起”,C 为“坐起, 端坐”,D“熬夜”。故而D符合题意。
(5). Mrs. Smith went on a diet and in two months ___________ her weight to 100 pounds.
A. brought outB. brought offC. brought downD. brought up
【答案】C。
【解析】本题的四个词组意义分别为:A “出版, 生产”,B “救出, 完成”, C “降低”, D “教育, 培养”,根据句子意思“史密斯夫人正在减肥,两个月体重降至100磅”,C项为正确答案。
(四)检测介词与其它词语搭配的运用能力
英语中介词与其它词语的搭配是一种非常常见的语言现象,例如:名词+介词,介词+名词,形容词+介词,名词+介词+名词等,掌握好介词的使用会有助于大家运用英语表达的能力。因此它也是各种考试中主要内容之一。
(1). He has accumulated much experience ______________ practical engineering.
A. ofB. inC. onD. at
【答案】B。
【解析】在该题中,能和experience构成短语的是介词in,做后置定语,其它介词不能与之搭配。我们中国学生一般凭想当然选用of的较多,这种易发性错误是由于不同语言表达的差异造成的。
(2). The cause ________ he has been fighting all his life now seems meaningless at all.
A. at whichB. after whichC. for whichD. with which
【答案】C。
【解析】这是介词加关系代词的例子,考虑介词加关系代词的用法时,一要看介词与先行词的关系,另外是看它与定语从句中动词的关系。在该句中介词for与动词fight构成一致关系。
(3). It is said that he is at home ___________ several languages, and can communicate fluently without difficulty.
A. withB. toC. atD. in
【答案】D。
【解析】本题中考察的是be at home in的短语用法,意思是“精通,熟知”,与其它介词不能搭配。
(4). The company held a magnificent party in honor ___________ the respectable guests.
A. ofB. withC. forD. about
【答案】A。
【解析】该题干中in honor of是一个固定搭配短语,属于介词+名词+介词的类型,意为“向...表示敬意, 为祝贺...”。
(5). It is the driver, not the pedestrian, who should be responsible ___________ the traffic accident.
A. forB. byC. toD. on
【答案】A。
【解析】在本题所给的四个选项中,能与responsible匹配的是介词for,意思是“对… 负责”,其它三个选项都不正确。
由于英语中词组的构成相当复杂,掌握它们非一日之功,我们在此列出一些近年来常考的由动词、名词、介词、形容词构成的短语供大家学习,常温习、巩固就会有收获。
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be about to do 刚要,即将 |
be friends with 与...友好 |
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Bear in mind 记住 |
bring into effect 实行; 使生效 |
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bring into operation 实施; 使生效 |
can not help 禁不住, 忍不住 |
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carry into effect 施行; 使生效 |
cast light on/upon 阐明, 使了解 |
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catch fire 着火; 烧着 |
catch one´s breath 喘气,松口气;屏息 |
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catch one´s eye 引人注目 |
catch sight of 看到, 发现 |
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come into effect 生效; 实施 |
come into operation 施行, 实行, 生效 |
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come to one´s senses 醒悟; 苏醒 |
come true 实现 |
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could not help 禁不住, 忍不住 |
cut short 中断, 打断 |
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do one´s best 尽力, 努力 |
enjoy oneself 过得快活 |
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fall in love with 爱上 |
find fault (with) 找岔 |
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Gain an advantage over 胜过, 优于 |
get hold of 得到, 获得 |
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get rid of 丢弃, 摆脱 |
get the best of 战胜 |
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get the better of 战胜, 占上风 |
get together 会面, 装配 |
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Give rise to 引起, 导致 |
give way 让路, 让步 |
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go ahead 开始, 进行 |
go into effect 施行, 实行, 生效 |
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go into operation 生效, 实施 |
go wrong 出错, 出故障 |
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had better 应该 |
had rather 宁愿 |
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had rather...than 宁愿...而不愿... |
have an advantage over 胜过, 优于 |
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have in mind 想到; 记得; 打算 |
have nothing to do with 和..毫无关系 |
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Help oneself 自用, 自取 |
keep an eye on 留意, 照看 |
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keep in mind 记住 |
keep one´s head 保持镇静 |
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keep one´s word 守信用 |
keep pace (with) (与...)齐步前进 |
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Lead the way 引路, 带路 |
learn by heart 记住, 背诵 |
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leave alone 不打扰, 不干预 |
let alone 更别提, 不打扰 |
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let go (of) 放, 松手 |
lose heart 失去勇气, 丧失信心 |
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Lose one´s head 慌乱, 仓皇失措 |
lose one´s temper 发脾气, 发怒 |
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Lose sight of 忘记, 忽略; 看不见 |
make a /the difference 有影响,起作用 |
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make friends 交朋友 |
make fun of 取笑, 嘲弄 |
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make one´s way 去, 前往 |
make sense 讲得通, 言之有理 |
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make sure 查明; 务必 |
make the best of 充分利用 |
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make the most of 充分利用 |
make up one´s mind 下决心, 打定主意 |
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make use of 使用, 利用 |
make way 让路, 让出地方 |
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May as well 还不如, 不妨 |
never mind 不要紧; 不用担心 |
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Pay attention to 注意 |
piece together 拼合 |
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Play a part(in) 起作用, 参于 |
put into effect 实施; 使生效 |
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put into operation 实施; 使生效 |
put into practice 实施; 实行 |
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put to use 使用 |
see to it that 注意, 务必, 保证 |
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see that 注意, 务必, 保证 |
set fire to 使燃烧, 点燃 |
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Take...for 把...认为是 |
take a chance 冒险, 投机 |
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Take(a)delight in 以...为乐 |
take advantage of 利用,趁...之机 |
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Take care 当心, 注意 |
take care of 照顾, 照料 |
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Take charge 管理, 接管 |
take effect 生效, 起作用 |
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Take into account 考虑 |
take for granted 认为...理所当然 |
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Take one´s time 不着急, 不着慌 |
take pains 努力, 尽力, 下苦功 |
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Take part (in) 参加, 参于 |
take place 发生, 进行, 举行 |
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Take the place of 代替, 取代 |
take turns 依次, 轮流 |
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to throw light on 阐明, 使了解 |
think better of 经考虑改变对..的看法 |
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try one´s best 尽力, 努力 |
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形容词同介词的搭配
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absent from 不在, 缺席 |
abundant in 富于 |
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alien to 与...相反 |
angry with sb at/about sth 生气, 愤怒 |
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anxious about/for 忧虑, 担心 |
appropriate for/to 适当, 合适 |
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applicable to 适用于 |
apt at 聪明, 善于 |
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apt to 易于 |
ashamed of 羞愧, 害臊 |
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approximate to 近似, 接近 |
aware of 意识到 |
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available to sb for sth 可用, 可供 |
bare of 几乎没有, 缺乏 |
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bound for 开往... |
capable of 能够 |
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careful of/about/with; 小心, 注意 |
certain of /about 确信, 肯定 |
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about/in doing characteristic of 特有, 独特 |
clear of 没有, 不接触 |
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clever at 善于 |
close to 接近, 亲近 |
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comparable to/with 可比较 |
conscious of 察觉到, 意识到 |
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consequent on 随之而来 |
considerate towards 体谅, 体贴 |
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contemporary with 与...同时代 |
content with 满足于 |
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contrary to 违反 |
counter to 与...相反 |
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crazy about 热衷, 着迷 |
critical of 挑剔, 批评 |
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curious about 好奇, 想知道 |
distinct from 种类(风格)不同 |
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doubtful of /about 怀疑 |
east of 在...东面 |
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equal to 相等, 胜任 |
equivalent to 等于, 相当于 |
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essential to/for 必不可少 |
expert at/in/on 善于 |
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faithful to 忠实于 |
familiar to sb 为...所熟悉 |
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familiar with sth 熟悉, 通晓 |
fatal to 致命的 |
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favorable to 支持, 赞成 |
favorable for 有帮助的 |
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fearful of 惧怕 |
fit for 适于 |
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foreign to 非...所原有 |
fond of 喜欢 |
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Free of /from 未受...; 免费 |
free with 康慨, 大方 |
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guilty of 有...罪的 |
hungry for 渴望 |
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ignorant of 不知道 |
impatient at sth. 不耐烦 |
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impatient of 无法容忍 |
independent of 不受...支配 |
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impatient for 急切, 渴望 |
indifferent to 无兴趣, 不关心 |
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indignant with sb. 愤慨 |
inferior to 级别低于, 不如 |
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innocent of 无...罪,无辜 |
intent on 专心于 |
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invisible to 不可见的 |
jealous of 嫉妒 |
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keep on 爱好, 很喜欢 |
liable for 对...有责任 |
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liable to 易于 |
loyal to 忠于 |
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Mad at/with sb. 生气, 愤怒 |
mad with 因...发狂 |
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Next to 下一个, 其次 |
necessary to /for 必要的 |
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opposite to 在对面 |
open to 不限制, 开放的 |
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particular about 挑剔, 讲究 |
parallel to 与...平等, 类似 |
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peculiar to 独特的, 独有的 |
patient with 有耐心 |
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prior to 在...之前 |
popular with 受...喜爱, 爱戴 |
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representative of 代表...的 |
relative to 与...有关 |
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Rich in 富于 |
responsible for 负责, 是...原因 |
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sensitive to 对...敏感 |
sensible of 觉查到 |
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Sick of 厌恶, 厌倦 |
short of 缺少 |
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skilled at /in 善于 |
similar to 相似 |
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sufficient for 足够的 |
subject to 受制于, 易于 |
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superior to 优于,级别高于 |
suitable for/to 适合于 |
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suspicious of 怀疑 |
sure of /about 对...有信心, 确信 |
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typical of 是典型的, 特有的 |
tired of 对...不在感兴趣 |
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vital to 对...关系重大 |
uncertain of /about 不确知 |
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mad about/on 狂热迷恋 |
void of 没有, 缺乏 |
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名词同介词的搭配
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absence from 缺席, 不在 |
absence of 缺乏 |
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access to ...的入口, 通路 |
acquaintance with 相识, 了解 |
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action on sth 对...的作用 |
addition to sth 增加 |
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admission to /into 进入, 入(场,学,会) |
admission of sth 承认 |
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advance in 改进, 进步 |
advantage over 优于...的有利条件 |
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affection for/towards 爱, 喜欢 |
answer to ...的答案 |
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anxiety for sth 渴望 |
apology to sb for sth 道歉 |
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appeal to sb for sth 恳求, 呼吁 |
appeal for 魅力, 吸引力 |
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appetite for 对...的欲望 |
application for 把...应用于... |
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approach to 类似, 办法, 通道 |
arrangement for 对...的安排 |
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attempt at 尝试,企图 |
attention to 对...的注意 |
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attraction for 对...的吸引力 |
balance between ...之间的平衡 |
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barrier to ...的障碍 |
belief in 对...的信仰, 相信 |
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candidate for 候选人, 人选 |
check on 检查, 阻止 |
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claim for sth 要求 |
collision with sb/sth 碰撞, 冲突 |
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comment on /about 对...的评论 |
complaint of /about 报怨, 控告 |
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compromise between/on 折中, 妥协 |
concentration on sth 专心, 集中精力 |
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concentration of sth 集中, 聚集 |
concern about/for/over 担心 |
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confidence in 对...的信任, 相信 |
connection between; 关系, 连接 |
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consent to sth 同意 |
contact with sb/sth 接触, 联系 |
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contest for sth 争夺, 竞争 |
contradiction between 矛盾, 不一致 |
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contrast to/with sth 对比, 对照 |
contribution to 贡献, 捐献, 促成 |
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between A and B conversation with sb 对话 |
conversion 转变, 转换 |
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about sth of sth into sth credit for sth 荣誉,赞扬 |
damage to sth 损坏 |
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danger to sb/sth 危险 |
decision on/against 做/不做...的决定 |
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decrease in sth ...的减少 |
defense against 防御, 保卫 |
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delegate to 参加...的代表 |
demand for 对...的需求 |
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departure from 离开 |
desire for sth 渴望 |
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dispute about 争论, 辩论 |
distinction between 区别 |
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doubt about/as to 怀疑 |
effect on 对...的作用 |
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emphasis on 对...的强调, 注重 |
encounter with 遭遇, 遇到 |
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enthusiasm about/for 热情 |
entrance to ...的入口, 入场 |
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envy of sb 嫉妒 |
exception to ...的例外 of /at sth |
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exposure to sth 暴露 |
fancy for sth 喜爱 |
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faith in 对...的信任, 信仰 |
glance at 扫视 |
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gratitude to sb 感激 |
guess at sth 猜测 |
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For sth hatred for/of 仇恨 |
hazard to 危险 |
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hunger for 渴望 |
impact on/ upon 对...的撞击, 巨大影响 |
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improvement on/in 对...的改进, 提高 |
increase in sth 增加, 增长 |
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independence from 独立, 自主 |
influence on 对...的影响 |
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inquiry about 对...的查询 |
inquiry into 对...的调查 |
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interaction with sth 相互作用 |
inference in/with 干涉,阻碍 between /among |
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introduction to 引言, 介绍, 入门 |
memorial to sth 引进(物) |
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invitation to 邀请 |
investment in sth 投资 |
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loyalty to sb/sth 忠诚 |
memorial to sb/sth 纪念 |
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obstacle to sth 形成阻碍 |
objection to sth 反对 |
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opponent of sth反对,是…对手 |
opponent at /in sth 对手 |
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patience with 忍耐 |
passion for 对...的强烈爱好, 热爱 |
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precaution against 提防,防范 |
pity for sb/sth 可怜, 怜悯 |
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preference for sth 喜爱 |
preface to ...的前言 |
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preparation for 准备 |
preference to sth 优先 |
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proposal for sth 提建议 |
prejudice against/ 对...的偏见, 偏重 |
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in favor of ... 支持;赞成 |
protection for sb 保护 |
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protest against sth 抗议 |
against sth provision for/against 准备 |
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pull at/on sth 拉, 拖 |
ratio of sth to sth 比率 |
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reaction to 对...的反应 |
reason for 原因,理由 |
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reference to 提及, 参考 |
regard for 对...的注意, 尊重 |
|
remedy for 补救, 解决 |
reply to sb/sth 对...的回答 |
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reputation for 名声, 名气 |
request for sth 要求 |
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research on/into 对...的研究, 调查 |
resistance to 对...的抵抗, 阻力 |
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response to 对...的回答, 反应 |
responsibility for 责任, 负责 |
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restraint on sb/sth 限制, 约束 |
search for 对...的搜寻 |
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service to 服务, 贡献 |
similarity between ...的相似之处 |
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skill at 技巧, 熟练 |
solution to ...的解决办法 |
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sorrow at/for/over 悲哀, 悲痛 |
stress on 对...的强调 |
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supplement to sth 补充, 增刊 |
sympathy for 对...的同情 |
|
sympathy with 对...的赞同 |
taste for 对...的爱好, 喜爱 |
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taste in 对...的审美能力 |
tendency to sth 趋向,趋势 |
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trust in 对...的信赖,信任 |
wish for 欲望, 愿望 |
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